223 with the right bullet/load (think high/full weight retention and good expansion in a strong) works great on deer if you want to save your pennies.
As for other options?
I'm enjoying a factory 30-30 barrel with hand loads using the 300 blackout TAC-TX. The low velocity performance of the bullet gives the combination an effective range far longer then my abilities. I think any of the 30 cal cartridges could benefit from bullet in a short barrel configuration.

As for other round/barrels, I've always thought the 45-70 looked interesting and would be a great conversation piece.

The CVA looks very interesting, but you got to remember how many people say the .243 isn't big enough for deer and you have to have at least a 30-06.